Almanac › Time & the calendar

Watches of the night

Also called Night watches, Cockcrow.

The night split for sentry duty — three watches in the Old Testament, four in the New, because Rome counted differently.

Night was divided by whoever was standing guard. The Hebrew reckoning is three watches — beginning, middle and morning — while the Roman army used four, and the gospels follow Rome. Mark names all four in one sentence when he says nobody knows when the master comes: evening, midnight, cockcrow, or morning. So "the fourth watch of the night", when Jesus comes walking on the water, is somewhere between three and six in the morning — the last and worst shift.

The hours of the day and the watches of the night A 24-hour dial with sunrise at the left, noon at the top and midnight at the bottom, drawn at an equinox. The daylight is divided into twelve hours counted from sunrise, so the third hour is about 9 am, the sixth noon and the ninth 3 pm. The night is divided into four Roman watches, evening, midnight, cockcrow and morning, and inside them the three Hebrew watches. Marked: the third hour, when Jesus was crucified (Mark 15:25); the darkness from the sixth hour to the ninth (Mark 15:33); the eleventh hour, when the last labourers were hired (Matthew 20:6); the middle watch, when Gideon attacked (Judges 7:19); and the fourth watch, between 3 and 6 am, when Jesus walked on the sea (Matthew 14:25). 123456789101112eveningmidnightcockcrowmorningfirstmiddlemorning6 am9 amnoon3 pm6 pm9 pmmidnight3 amthe third hourthe crucifixion (Mark 15:25);“only the third hour” (Acts 2:15)the sixth to the ninth hourdarkness over the whole land(Mark 15:33)the eleventh hourthe last labourers hired(Matthew 20:6)the middle watchGideon’s trumpets (Judges 7:19)the fourth watchwalking on the sea(Matthew 14:25)Roman watches (the gospels)Hebrew watches
Drawn at an equinox, when the sun rises about six. An hour was a twelfth of the daylight, so summer hours were longer than winter ones and the clock times are only ever approximate. Night was split by whoever stood guard: three watches in the Hebrew reckoning, four in the Roman one the gospels follow.

Where it appears

All 84 almanac entries